Speech Acts Performed by Voldemort within the Movie “ Harry Potter: The Deathly Hollows Part I ”: Types and Translation Procedures

This research investigates what types of speech acts that Voldemort used and the procedures applied in translating its subtitle in movie “Harry Potter: The Deathly Hollows Part 1”. Descriptive qualitative analysis was set up as the method whilst the theories of Yule (1996) and Vinay & Darbelnet (1958) were used as the main roadmap to analyze the data. The researcher collected data by employing a note-taking technique and gaining the data by searching, downloading, watching the movie, taking notes and marking its transcript in its dialogue. In analyzing data, the researcher used the content analysis technique and the steps are by searching, identifying, classifying them according to the speech acts theory of Yule (1996). As the result, 67 speech acts performed by Voldemort were discovered such as; declarative, representative, expressive, commissive, and directive. Meanwhile, the directive speech act was dominantly used (29 data). On the other hands, it was encountered that a number of translation procedures were applied. They are literal translation, pure borrowing, modulation, generalization, adaptation, addition, deletion while literal translation dominates (42 data).


Introduction
In delivering messages, the ideas, opinions, or thoughts from the speaker to the listener, by using their utterances, is called Speech Acts. It can be found in the conversations or dialogues that the speakers intend the listeners to do something and understand what they mean through utterances that are stated. It is not only used in the real life but also it is used in the fiction life, especially movie. In the movie, speech acts can be translated to deliver the author's meanings or messages or ideas to the listeners by using the subtitle or the translation of utterances that is uttered by the characters so the listener who speak different language can understand and accept the author's meaning.
The speech acts translation is considered crucial to concern as it is needed to break down the language barrier in some aspects like bridging the speakers and the listeners or the readers and the authors to comprehend the intention hidden beyond the meaning of utterances. Translation of speech acts or utterances can be tricky based on the contextual condition. It seems easy but in fact it is somewhat difficult to be translated. It can be easy because the translation results are not changed in the target language (TL) and the source language (SL) so that the speaker's messages are conveyed or received by the listeners. Whereas in translating speech acts, the difficulty is to find differences in the context of different cultural conditions between the speakers and the listeners. Therefore, the translation of speech acts requires a pragmatic approach and translation techniques in order to produce a good, accurate, and acceptable translation.
The relevant studies have been conducted by a number of researchers such as Ana (2020), Cahya (2016), Muhartoyo and Kristani (2013), Setyaji (2019), and Walinski (2015). As summarized, the research which was completed by Muhartoyo and Kristani (2013) explores speech acts in the movie 'Sleeping Beauty' by applying Yule's speech acts theory (1996). The descriptive qualitative analysis was used as the research method and the result demonstrates that several types of speech acts used by all the characters based on its appearance. It is twenty types of speech acts found.
In the research entitled Analysis of Requesting Speech Act in The Movie "Frozen" by Walt Disney, Cahya (2016) described and analyzed the request speech act of speakers' strategies based on conditions and listeners-oriented in all characters. Then it is aimed to identify and classify the kinds of politeness strategies used in making a request that were performed by the chosen characters in the movie "Frozen". In her research, the descriptive qualitative analysis is used as the method. She also uses Trosborg's theory about the speakers and the listeners' oriented conditions, and applied the speech acts theory's Searle, especially Requesting speech act. In the result, there are 17 data presenting Request speech act, such as 7 data showing Request speech act of the speaker based on conditions, 10 data presenting the listeners-oriented condition. Whereas some kinds of politeness strategies were discovered, such as Bald on-record, positive politeness, and negative politeness.
Furthermore, Setyaji (2019) in his research entitled "How Speech Acts Work In Translation: An Analysis On Speech Acts In Translating A Script of Titanic Film", analyzes a translation alternative definition, knows the connection both of speech acts and types of translation, and finds out how the possibility of speech acts influence on the quality of translation. The results of his research found that translation is not only the process of meaning transformation. However, it is also the process of intention shifting from Source Language (SL) to target Language (TL). Then his other finding is the speech acts which were related in types of translation such as literal translation, and idiomatic translation.
The research of Ana et al., (2020) which is entitled "Performative Speech Acts in the Translation of Indonesian Legal Documents into English", aims analyzing speech acts written in legal documents. In discussing the problems of the research, two theories are applied such as Searle's speech act typology theory and Newmark's translation theory that is completed by the concept of pragmatic which is for what purpose, to whom, when and where the legal documents are employed. The data are obtained from 6 legal documents such as the employment contract, conciliation agreement, lease agreement, sales agreement, lease of resident and business place, and lease of villa agreement. Then the findings of their research demonstrates that merely 4 speech acts types emerge, such as representative, directive, commissive, and declarative speech acts.
In addition, another research conducted by Walinski (2015) shows that several correspondences are used. The shift-translation technique is used in translating English to Polish, as the object of the research. His research reviews a taxonomy of translation procedures proposed by Vinay and Darbelnet (1958). Direct translation procedure is invented, such as borrowing, calque, literal translation, and oblique translation procedure such as modulation, transposition, equivalence, and adaptation.
Considering the relevant studies previously mentioned, some differences occur. It is discovered that Muhartoyo & Kristani (2013), and Cahya (2016) use all characters as their object. While Yule's speech acts theory (1996) is used as the main reference in identifying and analyzing the data, Searle's speech act typology theory is employed by Ana et al., (2020) and legal documents are used as the data object research. Afterwards, Searle's Requesting speech acts theory is used by Cahya (2016). As it is clearly clarified that most of the researchers focus on identifying all characters of the research object. However, in this case, the researcher uses one character (Voldemort) to concern in order to provide in depth finding. In addition, Yule's speech acts theory (1996) is utilized to classifying the types of speech acts while Vinay and Darbelnet's translation procedure theory is applied to figure out the procedures used in translating the subtitle of the movie. Finegan (2008) defines pragmatics as the branch of linguistics that learns information structure. The study that learns the speaker's meaning which interprets the message based on a context through utterances in requiring the similar ideas or thought both the speaker and the listener is called pragmatics (Yule,1996). In addition, Yule (1996) defines pragmatics in some meanings. First, it is the study that learns about the speaker's meaning which is focused on learning the meaning of utterances stated by the speakers and interpreted by listeners. Secondly, it is defined as the study about learning the contextual meaning that is oriented on interpreting a context of the speaker's utterances. Next, he defines pragmatics as the study that learns the better way in communicating without explicitly saying many utterances which are targeted on the listener's ability in interpreting the implicit meaning of the speakers. At last, it is defined as a study that learns the relative distance expression which focuses on the speaker decision in creating how many demands to be uttered.
Furthermore, Yule (2014) states that pragmatics is the study of "invisible" meaning, or how to recognize what is meant even when it is not actually uttered or written. That demands the speaker and listeners in transferring the message or meaning in direct/ indirect conversation, with explicit or implicit meaning in spoken or unspoken and in written or unwritten. In conclusion, pragmatics is defined as the branch of linguistic which study the speaker meaning who tell information that has a contextual meaning, to the listeners can interpret it systematically and/or when it is not said or written.
The way or an action performed by the speaker with an utterance in delivering messages or meanings to the listener/hearer, is a speech act (Yule, 2014). The speaker conveys his/her meanings or opinions or ideas by utterances to the listeners in communicating with having implicit or explicit meaning, spoken or written. In addition, according to Yule (2014), the speech acts are the types of 'action' presented by the speaker with his/her utterances. He uses the term speech act to describe actions such as requesting, commanding, questioning or informing. Searle (2011) argues that there are five types of illocutionary speech acts. It is an assertive speech act which tells people how things are, a directive speech act which is the speaker try to get them to do things, a commissive speech act which is the speaker commit to do things by himself, an expressive speech act which is express his feelings and attitudes, and a declaration speech act which is bring about changes in the world through his utterances.
Furthermore, Leech (1981) mentions that speech act conditions for other kinds of speech act, such as, statements, questions, promises, warnings, apologies, etc. Every action performed are produce an utterance that will consist three of related acts. There are locutionary act, illocutionary act, and perlocutionary act. Searle (2011) applies Austin's illocutionary acts as the terminology, and some of verbs which denote the illocutionary acts are stating, describing, asserting, warning, remarking, commenting, commanding, ordering, requesting, criticizing, apologizing, ensuring, approving, welcoming, promising, objecting, demanding, and arguing. This research explains the classification of speech act performed by one of the characters found in "Harry Potter; The Deathly Hollows Part 1", that is Lord Voldemort. There are five types of speech act proposed by Yule (1996). Those are known as declaration, representative, expressive, directive, and commissive.
First, declaration is one of speech acts that change the world via their utterances. For example, "I now pronounce you husband and wife" describes an informative expression. Second, representative is one type of speech acts that speaker believes to be case or not. For instance, "the earth is flat". Expressive states what the speaker feels (psychological expressions) (Yule, 1996). As the example, "I'm really sorry!" describes a sorrow expression. Four, directive is one of speech acts that speakers use to get someone else to do something or express what the speaker wants (Yule, 1996). For example, "could you lend me a pen, please?" describe a requesting expression. In addition, Kissine (2013, p. 102) claims that directive speech acts are practical reasons, reasons for both the readers and the listeners to act; but their reason status is related in the conversational background. It is usually stated that directive speech act is one of the speech acts that have in common that they are intended in provoking an action of the listeners such as ordering, commanding, requesting, pleasing and so on. The last, Yule (1996) defines commissive is one of speech acts that the speaker perform committing themselves to several future actions or expressing what the speaker intends. Those are promises, threats, refusal, pledges, and as shown in "I'll be back" describe a promise expression.
From the point of view of Munday (2016), it is stated that the English term translation derives either from Old French translation or more directly from the Latin translatio or in English means transporting, itself coming from the participle of the verb transferre or in English means 'to carry over'. In the field of languages, translation recently has several meanings. First, it is as the general subject field or phenomenon. Second, it is as the product in which the text has been translated. The last meaning is the process of producing the translation that known as translating. It is called translation service.
Furthermore, Munday (2016) stated that the process of translation between two different written languages involves the changing of an original written text (the source text or ST) in the original verbal language (the source language or SL) into a written text (the target text or TT) in a different verbal language (the target language or TL).
The research applies the theory of translation procedure purposed by Vinay and Darbelnet (1958). As cited by Newmark (1998), translation procedures are used for sentences and the smaller unit of language. In addition, Vinay and Darbelnet (1958) define the unit of translation as the smallest segment of the utterance whose signs are linked in such a way that they should not be translated individually. In addition, taxonomy of translation procedures is used to agree with discrepancies both of source language (SL) and target language (TL) structures separating two major methods of translation, namely direct translation and oblique translation.
Direct translation generally represents word by word quotation of the original message in the target language (TL). Borrowing, calque and literal translation are several types of direct translation. Borrowing means relatively the easiest of all procedures applied for translation, concerns applying foreign phrasing in the target text. Afterwards, Calque means a special kind of borrowing or absorption term in which the target language (TL) borrows an expression form of the source language (SL) by translating literally or word by word the original language. And the last, a direct transfer of source language (SL) into grammatical and idiomatically refer the target language (TL) is known as literal translation. Oblique translation allows translators to exert a strict control over the reliability of their efforts (Waliński, 2015) which the translator interprets, e.g. transposition, modulation, equivalence, and adaptation translation procedures.
According to Newmark (1988), the translation procedures consist of transposition, modulation, equivalent, and adaptation. Transposition is a translation procedure involving a change in the grammar from SL to TL. For instance, the change from singular to plural, e.g. 'furniture'; des meubles. Then modulation is a variation through a change of viewpoint/ perspective and very often of category of thought. For example, 'water-tower'; 'chateau d'eau' (Newmark,1988, p. 88). The equivalent is often desired by the translator to specify the relationship between SL-text and TL-text. Following Newmark (1988, p. 46) defines adaptation as the "freest" of translation that is mainly applied on plays and poetry, the SL culture converted to the TL culture and the text rewritten.
Conducting research with topic regarding speech acts has been widely completed but in fact the findings are variously resulted. Besides, it remains challenging for some reasons as dealing with speech acts mean the listeners are required to comprehend the implied meanings as the functional usage aside from the literal meaning uttered by the speakers. Several aspects should be taken into account in translating speech acts from its source language to the target language, such as its contexts, the topics, the social status between the speakers and the interlocutors. Likewise, it becomes sufficiently challenging for the translators to play the role to reveal what is exactly intended by the speakers to deliver the implicit meaning to enable the listeners or the readers to easily comprehend it. In other words, it can be said that the translators play such a vital role in bridging the listeners and the speakers to catch the untold points of the utterances so that the translation of speech acts in this case is perceived to rely on and be worthwhile for both speakers and listeners.
In conclusion, the research purposively analyzes the types of speech acts performed by Lord Voldemort and the translation procedures of speech acts of Lord Voldemort in "Harry Potter; The Deathly Hollows Part 1". By analyzing the types of speech acts, it is expected to figure out which type the chosen character tends to produce and what procedures are apparently used to render the ST's ideas to the TT.

Research Method
The descriptive of qualitative was set up as the method in the research conducted. Qualitative research is a situated activity that locates the observer in the world (Creswell, 2007). It consists of a set of interpretive, material practices that make the world visible. Besides, Creswell (2014) states that the use of qualitative research and its basic intent involves discussing the sample for the study and the overall data collection and recording procedures. Then, further expands were added on the data analysis steps and the methods used for presenting the data, interpreting it, validating it, and indicating the potential outcomes of the study (Creswell, 2014).
The researcher applied the note-taking technique and several stages were undergone to gain the reliable data such as by searching and downloading the movie in the internet. Next, the researcher watched the movie repeatedly to focus on the character that is used as the subject of analysis, and it is Lord Voldemort. Afterwards, the researcher transcribed the conversations produced by the chosen character as well as its subtitle to be highlighted and marked as data which were considered speech acts.
In analyzing the data, the technique used is the content analysis technique and the steps are by searching, identifying, and classifying speech acts of Voldemort in accordance with the theory proposed by Yule (1996). In this research, more than five hundred words uttered by the chosen character (Voldemort) are discovered. Then, the researcher identifies and classifies them by applying Yule's speech acts theory. Afterward, the researcher described what translation techniques were used by the translator to translate its subtitle into Indonesian.

Results and Discussions
The research aims to find out the speech acts types and its translation procedures performed by Voldemort in the movie that is directed by Davis Yates, "Harry Potter; The Deathly Hollows part 1". By using pragmatics approach, it is found that a number of speech acts types are employed by Voldemort. Specifically, 67 data are considered speech acts. The finding of speech acts and the translation procedures are illustrated in the following Table 1 and Table 2. Directive 29

Total 67
Of the Table 1, it is obviously indicated that 67 data in total are considered speech acts types that are classified into five according to Yule's theory (1996), such as 18 data belong to declarative, 11 data belong to representative, 4 data are included to expressive, and 5 data fall under directive. While expressive type seems to be the least to produce by the chosen character, directive is dominantly performed. It can be said that the character of Voldemort in the movie frequently use informing mode when communicating with his interlocutors based on the most data demonstrated in the Table 1 rather than other types. Meanwhile, Voldemort is deemed to be less expressive. According to the Table 2, the researcher can classify them based on its translation procedures in accordance with the theory of Vinay and Darbelnet (1958). As it can be seen, seven types of translation procedures are discovered. 9 data are classified into 'pure borrowing', 5 data are classified into 'deletion, 42 data are categorized into 'literal', each 2 data are classified into 'modulation', 2 data are classified into 'addition, 6 data are classified into 'adaptation', and 1 datum is categorized into 'generalization'. The procedure of generalization is one of the procedures which is not as often as literal to apply in translating the subtitle. However, the literal translation procedure seems to be the most frequent. It may be caused by the fact that most of speech acts performed by the character of Voldemort are context free that translating them literally is supposed to do to the usual TT equivalents.
The following tables, the explanation of each procedure along with its speech acts types presented. The timing of transcript's appearance is as well exhibited to help the readers to read the data easily. The data that emerge in each type and procedure are kind of representative ones, thus the whole data are not going to mentioned. The data above are several examples of pure borrowing translation technique that shows SL meaning is not changed in the TL. However, the changes in the aspect of its types occurred. As it can be seen in the table of data no. 1 and no. 2 that the similar types of speech as are discovered and are classified into 'calling' that refer to type of directive. Whereas the datum no. 3 shows different type of speech act that is classified into 'Spelling' and it refers to type of directive as well. Those aforementioned data apparently do not undergo any changes in the SL as words 'severus' and 'wormtail' are kinds of character names in the movie that are supposed to be maintained in the TL as long as the equivalent words are not available in the TL. Nonetheless, the magical words performed by Voldemort shown in the data 3 'Avada Kedavra!' could actually be adapted to the TL equivalent words 'abra kadabra', but maintaining the SL words seems to be preferable by the translator. It might be a translator's attempt to introduce it to the TL's readers or listeners in order to make such word sound familiar for them. Hence, the pure borrowing is applied. The data in the Table 3 show that SL meaning is changed in the TL. It appears SL structure are changed as well in TL. As it can be obviously seen that datum no. 1 shows a phrase 'to me' in SL whilst is deleted or untranslated in the TL. Meanwhile, a word 'me' in datum no. 2 is also deleted in the TL. Deletion procedure in this case is employed due to language habit in the TL that once the speaker is talking to the interlocutors, the pronoun of object referring to is culturally no need to mention as like data 1 and 2, which the pronoun as object 'me' are not rendered in the TL. Instead of saying 'Kau bohong padaku' that habitually sounds odd, 'Kau bohong' is preferable by the native speakers in the TL. Thus, as long as SL's words are regarded to not provide such a vital meaning, employing deletion procedure could be considered.
Besides, the types of speech acts in data 1 and 2 have different functions. While datum no. 1 is classified into 'Accusing' falling under 'representative', datum no. 2 is classified into 'Commanding' falling under 'directive'. The table 5 shows that types of speech acts in those 3 data have different functions although those have same translation techniques. Data 1, 2 and data 3 in the SL are translated word by word and their sentence forms are similar in the TL. Meanwhile, their types of speech act have different classification. Datum no. 1 is classified into 'Commanding'. Data no. 2 is categorized into 'Asserting' while data no. 3 is arranged into 'Requesting'. The literal procedure can be employed here considering the fact that the TL's words in data 1, 2, 3 are very close to the original (SL) in the aspects of its structure and grammar. As long as it can be as close as possible to the original, literal translation is deemed to lead to such an accurate meaning. As it is shown in the table 6, data 1 and data 2 are found similar in the aspect of speech acts type and it is arranged into 'Requesting' which falls under directive. Whereas both of data: no. 1 and no. 2 in the SL involve changing messages into a form of perspective in the TL. Both of sentence types in the SL are kind of question tag whilst they are changed to be statement sentences in the TL. Nonetheless, the meaning produced in both languages remains equal. The modulation procedure is employed by the translator by changing the point of view as long as it is perceived to convey easiness for the readers or listeners to understand points in the exact way of saying them in the TL without altering its meaning although it is delivered in different way. Of the table 7, types of 'suggesting' and 'arguing' emerge in data 1 and 2. While 'suggesting' falls under directive, 'arguing' stands for representative. Apart from it, addition procedure is applied in both data in order to produce the adequate meaning in the TL. It is apparent that several necessary words are added in the TL such as 'jadi itu, jika, kau' in datum no. 1 while the addition is as well completed in datum no. 2 such as 'yang bisa kau bandingkan'. It aims to make sure that the translation corresponds to the TL expression and cultural background. In other words, those words are necessarily added to create a completed meaning of the SL in the TL. If they are not, the ideas or meaning intended by the author or speaker will not be fully comprehended and it enables them to misunderstand it. The table 8 indicates that the differences of speech act types appear. Datum 1 is classified to 'worrying' which falls under 'expressive' whilst datum 2 is categorized to 'threatening' referring to 'commissive'. Meanwhile, by considering the equivalent cultural items in the TT, the phrase 'lost your way' in the Sl is rendered to be 'tersesat' in the TL. It is adapted in order to gain convenient meaning to comprehend in the TL. The meaning would be unacceptable when the original statement in the SL is maintained in the TL. In the table 9, one datum is appeared and it is arranged into 'regarding' falling under 'expressive'. The datum uses the translation procedure which is the least emerging in the movie. It means that the procedure could be employed when the general terms are deemed to comfort in the TL

Conclusions
Speech acts is the most essential part of pragmatic as it is the segment of its analysis. Pragmatics is the study about interpretating a context in an utterance which requires the same thought between the speaker and the listener.
In investigating this research, the researcher analyzes what types of speech acts that Voldemort used and the procedures applied in translating the subtitles from English into Indonesian. 67 data are considered speech acts which were performed by the chosen character in the movie. Declarative, representative, expressive, commissive, and directive are the types of speech acts discovered. While directive seems to be the most frequent to emerge, expressive poses to be the least type. Apart from it, several types of translation procedures are applied by the translator, such as literal translation, pure borrowing, modulation, generalization, adaptation, addition, and deletion. Meanwhile, literal translation is regarded to dominate as most of terms in the TL are so close to the SL that not too many changes are required to complete.
It can be concluded that how frequent type of speech acts emerging can be affected by the movie genres or the characters are played whilst the translation procedures can be taken into consideration based on the language habit, culture, and language policy which can produce the exact meaning in the TL and be acceptable by the listeners r readers.
As this research possesses shortcomings, several suggestions are provided as consideration for other researchers who are keen on conducting the similar research topic in the future. This research is limited the focus merely on analyzing types of speech acts and its translation procedures so that it would be a great work if the translation quality assessment can be as well undertaken.