This study aims to analyze the relevance of Buya Hamka’s thoughts on humanistic and equitable education to the concept of “Sekolah Rakyat 5.0” within the framework of Islamic foundational philosophy of primary education. The study is motivated by persistent inequalities in educational access and the urgent need for a transformative model capable of integrating technological advancement with humanistic values in the era of Society 5.0. Using a qualitative library research method, data were gathered from Hamka’s educational writings, contemporary literature on Islamic education, and scholarly discussions related to people-centered schooling and technology-based learning innovation. The findings reveal a strong alignment between Hamka’s educational philosophy and the core principles of Sekolah Rakyat 5.0, particularly in promoting educational justice, Islamic humanism, and the integration of intellect, morality, and spirituality. The study identifies five conceptual foundations for Sekolah Rakyat 5.0—universal access and equity, tauhid-based humanism, value-oriented technological integration, community-centered learning, and pro-equity educational policies—which collectively reflect Hamka’s view of education as a process of humanization and social empowerment. Furthermore, technological tools such as IoT and digital learning systems have the potential to expand access to quality education, provided they are grounded in moral and spiritual guidance to avoid mechanistic learning tendencies. Thus, Sekolah Rakyat 5.0 emerges not only as a technological innovation but also as a philosophical reconstruction of Islamic education ideals oriented toward forming morally upright, socially responsible, and spiritually grounded learners.