Peran Negara terhadap Konflik SARA di Indonesia : Kajian Historis
Keywords: state, role, new era, democracy era
Abstract
Abstract. This study aims to analyze the government's role in the SARA conflict in Indonesia. This research method used historical concept studies. Primary historical data sources and secondary data sourced from books and articles. The results of this study reveal a comparison of the government's role since the transition period, namely the period after changing the leadership of the new era to the democratic era. The dark transition period have shifted to become dynamic, due to the increasing level of democratic awareness. The conclusion of this study is the potential for horizontal conflict in Indonesia as a plural country as high risk, and become a powerful time bomb. The sentiment of identities are getting sharper because there are political elites interests that encourage the patronage of civil society and the media.
References
Alfred Stephan and Juan Luiz. (1996). Problems of Democratic Trantition and Consolidation. Southern Europe, South America, and Post-Communist Europe, Baltimore: John Hopkins University.
Angel Rabasa and John Haseman. (2002). Communal Conflict In Eastern And Central Indonesia. The Military and Democracy in Indonesia. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7249/mr1599srf.18
Braithwaite J, Valerie B, Michael C. and Leah D. (2010). West Kalimantan and Central Kalimantan. Anomie and Violence: Non-truth and Reconciliation in Indonesian Peacebuilding. http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt24hf62.11
Burns, Danny, Robin, Hambleton, and Paul Hoggett (1965). The Political of Decentralization: Revitalizing Local democracy. McMillan London.
Christopher R. D. (2009). Reconciliation and Revitalization: The Resurgence ofTradition in Postconflict Tobelo, North Maluku, Eastern Indonesia. The Journal of Asian Studies Vol. 68, No. 4 (November) 2009: 1077–1104. doi:10.1017/S002191180999074X
Creswell,J.W. (2010). Research Design Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approach, 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA. Sage Publication
Crook, R C and James Manor. (1998). Democracy and Decentralization in South Asia and West Africa: Participation, Accountability and Performance. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Fesler J W. (1968). Approaches to the Understanding of Decentralization. The Journal of Politics, 27 (3): 536-566
Guilermo O’Donnel and Philippe C. Schmitter. (1993). Transisi Menuju Demokrasi. Jakarta. LP3ES.
Huntington S. (1991). The Third Wave Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century. University of Oklahoma Press. Norman.
Huntington S. (1995). Gelombang Demokratisasi ketiga. Jakarta, Grafiti.
Timmer, J. (2007). Erring decentralization and elite politics in Papua. Renegotiating Boundaries. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1163/j.ctt1w76x39.25
Jacoson, Karld D. (1978). Bureaucratic Policy: A Theoritical Framework for the Analysis of Power and Communication in Indonesia, dalam Kard D. Jackson dan Lucian W. Pye (eds) Political Power and Communication in Indonesia, University of California Press, Berkeley.
Johnson, C. (2001). Local Democracy, Democratic Decentralization and Rural Development: Theories, Challenge, and Option for Policy. Development Policy Review, 19 (4): 521-532
Kurian, G. (1999). Empowering Condition in the Decentralization Process: an Analysis of Dynamics, Factors, and Actors in Panchayati Raj Institution from West Bengal and Karnataka, India. Institute of Social Studies, The hague.
Lorraine V. Aragon. (2007). Elite competition in Central Sulawesi. Renegotiating Boundaries. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1163/j.ctt1w76x39.8
Manor, J. (1999). The Political Economy of Democratic Decentralization. The World Bank Washington DC.
Marijan, K. (2010). System Politik Indonesia: Konsolidasi Demokrasi Pasca Demokrasi. Jakarta. Prenadamedia group.
Marijan, K. (2006). Demokratisasi di Daerah: Pelajaran dari Pilkada SecaraLangsung. Eureka. Surabaya.
Midgal, J. S. (1988). Strong Societies and Weak Societies. New Jersey: Princeston University Press.
Olowu, D. (2003). Local Institutional and Political Structures and Processes: Recent Experience in Africa. Public Administration and Development, 23 (1): 41-52.
Rozi S, Dhurorudhin M, Emilia Y, Nurhasim, Tri R, Heru C, dan Septi S. (2006). Kekerasan Komunal: Anatomi dan Resolusi Konflik di Indonesia. Yogyakarta. Pustaka Pelajar.
Smith B. C. (1985). Decentralization: the Territorial Dimension of the State. George Allen & Unwin. London.
Soeharto, W. B. (2013). Menangani Konflik di Indonesia. Jakarta. Kata Hasta Pustaka
Suyahmo. (2014). Demokrasi dan Hak Asasi Manusia. Magnum Pustaka Utama. Yogyakarta
Taufiq Tanasaldy. (2007). Ethnic identity politics in West Kalimantan. Renegotiating Boundaries. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1163/j.ctt1w76x39.20
Wasino. (2006). Wong Jowo dan Wong Cina: Lika-Liku Hubungan Sosial antara Etnis Tionghua dengan Jawa di Solo Tahun 1911-1998. Semarang Unnes Press.
Yanuarti S. (2003). Konflik di Maluku Tengah. Jakarta. IPSK LIPI.
Copyright (c) 2022 Suyahmo Suyahmo
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.