KARAKTER DAN PENGEMBANGANNYA DALAM SISTEM PENDIDIKAN JARAK JAUH
Keywords:
character, development, distance education, karakter, pendidikan jarak jauh, pengembanganAbstract
The study of the character and its development at distance education system is a new intensive effort since the 2000s period. Nevertheless, various studies show a clear trend to the development of four characters that were performance, relational, moral, and spiritual. The four character developments have reflected and integrated in the various contexts of using and designing of DE technologies, and it also became a main characteristic in the study and development of character at DE. This paper reviews the various studies about the characters and its developments in the DE context, and some of the efforts made by DE providers.
Studi tentang karakter dan pengembangannya dalam sistem pendidikan jarak jauh (SPJJ) masih merupakan ikhtiar yang baru intensif dilakukan sejak periode 2000an. Sekalipun demikian, berbagai studi memperlihatkan kecenderungan yang jelas pada 4 pengembangan karakter, yaitu karakter kinerja, relasional, moral, dan spiritual. Pengembangan keempat karakter tersebut direfleksikan dan terintegrasi di dalam berbagai konteks penggunaan desain dan medium teknologi PJJ, dan sekaligus menjadi karakteristik atau ciri khas dalam studi dan pengembangan karakter pada SPJJ. Tulisan ini akan meninjau berbagai studi tentang karakter dan pengembangannya dalam konteks SPJJ; dan beberapa ikhtiar yang telah dilakukan oleh institusi PJJ dalam pengembangan karakter.
References
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Brey, P. (2003). Ethical issues for the virtual university. Diambil 27 Agustus 2011, dari http://www.europace.org/articles%20and%20reports/WG9_Final_Report.pdf.
Brown, T. (2008). Ethics in elearning. Revista de Educao do Cogeime, Ano 17, n. 32/33, 211-216.
Campbell, H. (2006). Religion and the internet. Communication Research Trends, 1(25), 3-18.
Daniel, J. (1996). Mega-universities and knowledge media: Technology strategies for higher education. London: Kogan Page.
Darmayanti, T. (2001). Self-directed learning readiness scale: Adaptasi instrumen penelitian belajar mandiri. Jurnal Pendidikan Tinggi Jarak Jauh, 2(2), 126-126.
Darmayanti, T. (2002). Kemauan belajar (learning volition) mahasiswa pendidikan jarak jauah; Studi kasus di Universitas Terbuka. Jurnal Pendidikan Tinggi Jarak Jauh, 3(1), 89-104.
Darmayanti, T. (2008). Efektivitas intervensi keterampilan self-regulated learning dan keteladanan dalam meningkatkan kemampuan belajar mandiri dan prestasi belajar mahasiswa pendidikan jarak jauh. Jurnal Pendidikan Tinggi Jarak Jauh, 9(2), 68-82.
Davidson, M. (2004). Developing performance character and moral character in youth. The Fourth and Fifth Rs: Respect and Responsibility, 10(2).
Dawson, S. (2006). Online forum discussion interactions as an indicator of student community. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 22(4), 495-510.
Demiray, U., & Sharma, R.C. (Eds). (2008). Ethical practices and implications in distance learning. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 9(3), 186-195.
Dueber, B. & Misanchuk, M. (2006, April 8-10). Sense of community in a distance education course. Paper presented at the Mid South Instructional Technology Conference, Murfreesboro, TN.
Fairmau, G. (2008). Click here for religion: self-presentation of religion on the internet. Verbum SVD, 48(2), 135-147.
Gearhart, D. (2005). The ethical use of technology and the internet in research and learning. Submitted for the Faculty Research Category For the Center of Excellence in Computer Information Systems Spring Symposium.
Gibson, C. C. (1993). Toward a broader conceptualization of distance education, dalam Keegan (Ed.), Theoretical principles of distance education. London: Routledge
Guglielmino, P.G., & Guglielmino, L.M. (2006). Culture, self-directed learning readiness, and per capita income in five countries. Diambil tanggal 31 Agustus 2011, dari http://org8220renner.alliant.wikispaces.net/file/view/Guglielmino.pdf
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Gunawardena, C.N., & McIsaac, M.S. (2004). Distance education. dalam D. H. Jonassen (Ed.), Handbook of research on educational communications and technology (2nd ed., h. 355395). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Hackett, R.I.J. (2006). Religion and the internet. Diogenes 211, 6776. Diambil 29 Agustus 2011, dari http://dio.sagepub.com
Helland, C. (2005). Online religion as lived religion: methodological issues in the study of religious participation on the internet. Heidelberg Journal of Religions on the Internet, 1(1), 1-13.
Holmberg, B. (1986). A discipline of distance education. Journal of Distance Education, 1(1), 2540.
Holmberg, B. (1995). The evolution of the character and practice of distance education. Open Learning, 47-53.
Holmberg, B. (2003). A theory of distance education based on empathy. In M.G. Moore & W.G. Anderson (Eds.). Handbook of distance education (h. 79-86). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Howell, S., Allred, E., Laws, D., & Jordan, T. (2004). Integrating the aims of Brigham Young University into its distance education programs: A case study. Journal of College and Character, 5(1), 1-23.
James, L. (1997). Creating an online learning environment that fosters information literacy, autonomous learning and leadership: The Hawaii online generational community-classroom. Diambil 8 Februari 2009, dari: http://leahi.kcc.hawaii.edu/org/tcc-conf/pres/james.html.
Johnson, M.C., Osguthorpe, R.D., & Williams, D.D. (2010). The phenomenon of character development in a distance education course. Journal of College and Character, 11(1), 1-16.
Jung, I. (2007, November). Quality assurance in open, distance, and e-learning. Paper presented at the International Symposium on Open, Distance, and E-Learning. Bali, Indonesia.
Kadarko, W. (1999). Kemampuan belajar mandiri dan faktor-faktor psikososial yang mempengaruhinya: Kasus Universitas Terbuka. Jurnal Pendidikan Tinggi Jarak Jauh, 1(1).
Keegan, D. (1990). Foundations of distance education (2nd ed.). London: Routledge.
Keegan, D. (2002). ZIFF PAPIERE 119. The future of learning: From eLearning to mLearning. Hagen: FernUniversitat. Diambil 24 Maret 2010, dari: www.fernuni-hagen.de/ZIFF/ZP_119.pdf
Kesim, L.E., & Agaoglu, E. (2007). A paradigm shift in distance education: Web 2.0 and social software. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 8(3), 66-75.
Levy, Y. (2004). Comparing dropouts and persistence in e-learning courses. Computers & Education 48, 185204.
Litto, F.M. (2001, April 01-05). Ethics in DE & OL: A Brazilian Perspective. Paper presented at the 20th World Conference on Open Learning and Distance Education, Duesseldorf.
Lvheim, M. (2008). Rethinking cyberreligion? Teens, religion and the internet in Sweden. Nordicom Review, 29(2), 205-217.
Lowe, M.E., & Lowe, S.D. (2011). Online seminary education and spiritual formation: paradigms and problems.
Malik, M.M. & Rahman, F. (2010). Impact of theories of distance education on teaching learning process. International Journal of Academic Research. 2(4), 373-378.
Narvaez, D. & Lapsley, D.K. (2006). Teaching moral character: Two strategies for teacher education. Teacher Educator.
OLeary, S. (1996). Cyberspace as sacred space: Communicating religion on computer networks. Journal of the American Academy of Religion, 64, 781-808.
Ojokheta, K.O. (2010). A path-analytic study of some correlates predicting persistence and students success in distance education in nigeria. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 11(1), 181-192.
Pace, L.A., & Livingston, M.M. (2005). Protecting human subjects in internet research. EJBO: Electronic Journal of Business Ethics and Organization Studies, 10(1), 35-41.
Pettenati, M.Ch., Cigognini, E., & Mangione, J., & Guerin, E. (2007). Using social software for personal knowledge management in formal online learning. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 8(3), 52-65.
Puspitasari, K.A. & Islam, S. (2003). Kesiapan belajar mandiri mahasiswa dan calon potensial mahasiswa pada pendidikan jarak jauh indonesia. Jurnal Pendidikan Tinggi Jarak Jauh, 4(1).
Rogers, P.C. & Howell, S.L. (2004). Use of distance education by religions of the world to train, edify and educate adherents. The International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, 5(3), 1-17.
Salomon, K.D., & Esquire. (2011). A primer on distance learning and intellectual property issues. Diambil 5 September 2011, dari: http://www.teletrain.com/copyrigh.htm
Sembiring, M.G. (2000). Faktor yang mempengaruhi kinerja mahasiswa ptjj: Kasus mahasiswa fmipa universitas terbuka. Jurnal Pendidikan Tinggi Jarak Jauh, 1(2).
Six, H.-W, Strhlein, G, & Voss, J. (2001, April 1-5). Evaluation of web assign. Paper presented at the 24th ICDE Congress, Dsseldorf, Germany.
Small, T. & Deakin Crick, R. (2008). Learning and self-awareness: An enquiry into personal development in higher education. Bristol: Vital Partnership and Bristol University
Starr-Glass, D. (2011). Beginning course surveys: Bridges for knowing and bridges for being. The International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, 12(5), 1-157. Diambil 4 Juli 2011, dari: http://www.irrodl.org/index.php/irrodl/article/view/1000/1895.
Svedberg, M.K. (2010). Self-directed learning and persistence in online asynchronous undergraduate programs. Disertasi doktor tidak dipublikasikan. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, VA. Diambil 3 September 2011, dari: scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd.../Svedberg_ MK_D_2010.pdf.
Taylor, J. C. (2001, April 1.5). Fifth generation distance education. Keynote address, ICDE 20th World Conference, Dusseldorf, Germany.
Warburton, S. (2009). Second life in higher education: assessing the potential for and the barriers to deploying virtual worlds in learning and teaching. British Journal of Educational Technology, 40(3), 414426.
Wedemeyer, C. A., & Childs, G.B. (1961). New perspectives in university correspondence study. Chicago: Center for the Study of Liberal Education for Adults.
Wikipedia. (2012). List of largest universities by enrollment. Diambil 27 Oktober 2012, dari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_universities_by_enrollment.
Winataputra, U.S. (2010, 12 Juli). Implementasi kebijakan nasional pembangunan karakter bangsa melalui pendidikan karakter: Konsep, kebijakan, dan kerangka programatik. Makalah disajikan pada Seminar Nasional dalam rangka Upacara Penyerahan Ijazah (UPI) di UPBJJ-UT Surabaya, Surabaya.
Zawacki-Richter, O. (2009). Research areas in distance education: A delphi study. The International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, 10(3), 1-17. Diambil 4 Juli 2011, dari: http://www.irrodl.org/index.php/irrodl/article/ view/674/1260.
Balmert, M.E., & Ezzell, M.H. (2002). Leading learning by assuring distance instructional technology is an ethical enterprise. Paper presented at the annual conference of the Adult Higher Education Alliance, Pittsburgh, PA.
Beaudoin, M. (1990). The instructor's changing role in distance education. The American Journal of Distance Education, 4(2). Diambil 28 Agustus 2011, dari http://www.c3l.uni-oldenburg.de/cde/found/beau90.pdf.
Brey, P. (2003). Ethical issues for the virtual university. Diambil 27 Agustus 2011, dari http://www.europace.org/articles%20and%20reports/WG9_Final_Report.pdf.
Brown, T. (2008). Ethics in elearning. Revista de Educao do Cogeime, Ano 17, n. 32/33, 211-216.
Campbell, H. (2006). Religion and the internet. Communication Research Trends, 1(25), 3-18.
Daniel, J. (1996). Mega-universities and knowledge media: Technology strategies for higher education. London: Kogan Page.
Darmayanti, T. (2001). Self-directed learning readiness scale: Adaptasi instrumen penelitian belajar mandiri. Jurnal Pendidikan Tinggi Jarak Jauh, 2(2), 126-126.
Darmayanti, T. (2002). Kemauan belajar (learning volition) mahasiswa pendidikan jarak jauah; Studi kasus di Universitas Terbuka. Jurnal Pendidikan Tinggi Jarak Jauh, 3(1), 89-104.
Darmayanti, T. (2008). Efektivitas intervensi keterampilan self-regulated learning dan keteladanan dalam meningkatkan kemampuan belajar mandiri dan prestasi belajar mahasiswa pendidikan jarak jauh. Jurnal Pendidikan Tinggi Jarak Jauh, 9(2), 68-82.
Davidson, M. (2004). Developing performance character and moral character in youth. The Fourth and Fifth Rs: Respect and Responsibility, 10(2).
Dawson, S. (2006). Online forum discussion interactions as an indicator of student community. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 22(4), 495-510.
Demiray, U., & Sharma, R.C. (Eds). (2008). Ethical practices and implications in distance learning. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 9(3), 186-195.
Dueber, B. & Misanchuk, M. (2006, April 8-10). Sense of community in a distance education course. Paper presented at the Mid South Instructional Technology Conference, Murfreesboro, TN.
Fairmau, G. (2008). Click here for religion: self-presentation of religion on the internet. Verbum SVD, 48(2), 135-147.
Gearhart, D. (2005). The ethical use of technology and the internet in research and learning. Submitted for the Faculty Research Category For the Center of Excellence in Computer Information Systems Spring Symposium.
Gibson, C. C. (1993). Toward a broader conceptualization of distance education, dalam Keegan (Ed.), Theoretical principles of distance education. London: Routledge
Guglielmino, P.G., & Guglielmino, L.M. (2006). Culture, self-directed learning readiness, and per capita income in five countries. Diambil tanggal 31 Agustus 2011, dari http://org8220renner.alliant.wikispaces.net/file/view/Guglielmino.pdf
Guglielmino. L. M. (1978). Development of the self-directed learning readiness scale. Dissertation Abstracts Internationai, 38. 6467 A.
Gunawardena, C.N., & McIsaac, M.S. (2004). Distance education. dalam D. H. Jonassen (Ed.), Handbook of research on educational communications and technology (2nd ed., h. 355395). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Hackett, R.I.J. (2006). Religion and the internet. Diogenes 211, 6776. Diambil 29 Agustus 2011, dari http://dio.sagepub.com
Helland, C. (2005). Online religion as lived religion: methodological issues in the study of religious participation on the internet. Heidelberg Journal of Religions on the Internet, 1(1), 1-13.
Holmberg, B. (1986). A discipline of distance education. Journal of Distance Education, 1(1), 2540.
Holmberg, B. (1995). The evolution of the character and practice of distance education. Open Learning, 47-53.
Holmberg, B. (2003). A theory of distance education based on empathy. In M.G. Moore & W.G. Anderson (Eds.). Handbook of distance education (h. 79-86). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Howell, S., Allred, E., Laws, D., & Jordan, T. (2004). Integrating the aims of Brigham Young University into its distance education programs: A case study. Journal of College and Character, 5(1), 1-23.
James, L. (1997). Creating an online learning environment that fosters information literacy, autonomous learning and leadership: The Hawaii online generational community-classroom. Diambil 8 Februari 2009, dari: http://leahi.kcc.hawaii.edu/org/tcc-conf/pres/james.html.
Johnson, M.C., Osguthorpe, R.D., & Williams, D.D. (2010). The phenomenon of character development in a distance education course. Journal of College and Character, 11(1), 1-16.
Jung, I. (2007, November). Quality assurance in open, distance, and e-learning. Paper presented at the International Symposium on Open, Distance, and E-Learning. Bali, Indonesia.
Kadarko, W. (1999). Kemampuan belajar mandiri dan faktor-faktor psikososial yang mempengaruhinya: Kasus Universitas Terbuka. Jurnal Pendidikan Tinggi Jarak Jauh, 1(1).
Keegan, D. (1990). Foundations of distance education (2nd ed.). London: Routledge.
Keegan, D. (2002). ZIFF PAPIERE 119. The future of learning: From eLearning to mLearning. Hagen: FernUniversitat. Diambil 24 Maret 2010, dari: www.fernuni-hagen.de/ZIFF/ZP_119.pdf
Kesim, L.E., & Agaoglu, E. (2007). A paradigm shift in distance education: Web 2.0 and social software. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 8(3), 66-75.
Levy, Y. (2004). Comparing dropouts and persistence in e-learning courses. Computers & Education 48, 185204.
Litto, F.M. (2001, April 01-05). Ethics in DE & OL: A Brazilian Perspective. Paper presented at the 20th World Conference on Open Learning and Distance Education, Duesseldorf.
Lvheim, M. (2008). Rethinking cyberreligion? Teens, religion and the internet in Sweden. Nordicom Review, 29(2), 205-217.
Lowe, M.E., & Lowe, S.D. (2011). Online seminary education and spiritual formation: paradigms and problems.
Malik, M.M. & Rahman, F. (2010). Impact of theories of distance education on teaching learning process. International Journal of Academic Research. 2(4), 373-378.
Narvaez, D. & Lapsley, D.K. (2006). Teaching moral character: Two strategies for teacher education. Teacher Educator.
OLeary, S. (1996). Cyberspace as sacred space: Communicating religion on computer networks. Journal of the American Academy of Religion, 64, 781-808.
Ojokheta, K.O. (2010). A path-analytic study of some correlates predicting persistence and students success in distance education in nigeria. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 11(1), 181-192.
Pace, L.A., & Livingston, M.M. (2005). Protecting human subjects in internet research. EJBO: Electronic Journal of Business Ethics and Organization Studies, 10(1), 35-41.
Pettenati, M.Ch., Cigognini, E., & Mangione, J., & Guerin, E. (2007). Using social software for personal knowledge management in formal online learning. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 8(3), 52-65.
Puspitasari, K.A. & Islam, S. (2003). Kesiapan belajar mandiri mahasiswa dan calon potensial mahasiswa pada pendidikan jarak jauh indonesia. Jurnal Pendidikan Tinggi Jarak Jauh, 4(1).
Rogers, P.C. & Howell, S.L. (2004). Use of distance education by religions of the world to train, edify and educate adherents. The International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, 5(3), 1-17.
Salomon, K.D., & Esquire. (2011). A primer on distance learning and intellectual property issues. Diambil 5 September 2011, dari: http://www.teletrain.com/copyrigh.htm
Sembiring, M.G. (2000). Faktor yang mempengaruhi kinerja mahasiswa ptjj: Kasus mahasiswa fmipa universitas terbuka. Jurnal Pendidikan Tinggi Jarak Jauh, 1(2).
Six, H.-W, Strhlein, G, & Voss, J. (2001, April 1-5). Evaluation of web assign. Paper presented at the 24th ICDE Congress, Dsseldorf, Germany.
Small, T. & Deakin Crick, R. (2008). Learning and self-awareness: An enquiry into personal development in higher education. Bristol: Vital Partnership and Bristol University
Starr-Glass, D. (2011). Beginning course surveys: Bridges for knowing and bridges for being. The International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, 12(5), 1-157. Diambil 4 Juli 2011, dari: http://www.irrodl.org/index.php/irrodl/article/view/1000/1895.
Svedberg, M.K. (2010). Self-directed learning and persistence in online asynchronous undergraduate programs. Disertasi doktor tidak dipublikasikan. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, VA. Diambil 3 September 2011, dari: scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd.../Svedberg_ MK_D_2010.pdf.
Taylor, J. C. (2001, April 1.5). Fifth generation distance education. Keynote address, ICDE 20th World Conference, Dusseldorf, Germany.
Warburton, S. (2009). Second life in higher education: assessing the potential for and the barriers to deploying virtual worlds in learning and teaching. British Journal of Educational Technology, 40(3), 414426.
Wedemeyer, C. A., & Childs, G.B. (1961). New perspectives in university correspondence study. Chicago: Center for the Study of Liberal Education for Adults.
Wikipedia. (2012). List of largest universities by enrollment. Diambil 27 Oktober 2012, dari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_universities_by_enrollment.
Winataputra, U.S. (2010, 12 Juli). Implementasi kebijakan nasional pembangunan karakter bangsa melalui pendidikan karakter: Konsep, kebijakan, dan kerangka programatik. Makalah disajikan pada Seminar Nasional dalam rangka Upacara Penyerahan Ijazah (UPI) di UPBJJ-UT Surabaya, Surabaya.
Zawacki-Richter, O. (2009). Research areas in distance education: A delphi study. The International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, 10(3), 1-17. Diambil 4 Juli 2011, dari: http://www.irrodl.org/index.php/irrodl/article/ view/674/1260.
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29-08-2012
How to Cite
Farisi, M. I. . (2012). KARAKTER DAN PENGEMBANGANNYA DALAM SISTEM PENDIDIKAN JARAK JAUH. Jurnal Pendidikan Terbuka Dan Jarak Jauh, 13(1), 52–66. Retrieved from https://jurnal.ut.ac.id/index.php/jptjj/article/view/411
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